In this study, we surveyed the determinants of health expenditures in economic cooperation. Methods databases including pubmed, ovid, embase, cinahl, and web of science were searched for primary research studies on the incidence and determinants of che in nigeria published between 2003 and 2018. The coexistence of several models concerning the degree of spending power decentralization and financing systems makes spain a singular case and allows us to draw conclusions relevant for other countries decentralizing their health care systems. The social determinants of health provides a relevant and readable synthesis of current health inequalities research.
The overall purpose of the programme is to provide advice to the minister of. To the extent that the relative price of health care is related to the structure of national systems of health finance and delivery, such structural parameters may also enter indirectly as determinants of health ba similar result is reported in culyer 1988, p. While canada generally spends more per capita on health care than spain, over time. Determinants of federal government health expenditures in. Determinants of health care expenditures in oecd countries. Our most resounding conclusion is that higher government. Pdf the objective of this article is to examine the longrun relationship and shortrun dynamics of the health care expenditure in australia during. Public health classifications project determinants of health phase two. Oecd health statistics 2018 definitions, sources and methods each title below links to a pdf document containing the full information on definition, sources and methods by indicator, as published in oecd health statistics 2018 in oecd.
It has all the right ingredients to make a major contribution to policy debates and decision making, and should achieve its aim of promoting a discourse among policy makers, practitioners and the publicin europe at least. We regress these indicators on potential economic, institutional, demographic, and geographic determinants. In this study, we surveyed the determinants of health expenditures in economic cooperation organization eco countries. There have been some significant changes in the annual growth rates per capita in health expenditures before and after the financial crisis. Social determinants of health and its impact on healthcare. How the health care expenditure in africa responds to changes in the gross domestic products gdp, official development assistance oda, and other determinants, is. Determinants of catastrophic healthcare expenditure in. Transportation and communication governments with only limited commitment to susan randolph alleviating poverty adopt v strategies to.
This paper considers the detailed breakdown of hospital inpatient expenditures across the period 200708 to 201415. Theoretical framework this section develops a basic health production function in order to investigate factors that determine the health status of a population. In the study, gdp per capita, life expectancy at birth, age dependency ratio, number of hospitals and percentage of the population with a bad perceived health. This study employed the johansenjuselius cointegration test to examine the cointegration relationship. Determinants of public expenditure on infrastructure.
There is extensive literature on the determinants of health expenditure in oecd countries, but the same is not true for developing countries. Cumulative incidence, distribution, and determinants of. Below, we summarize some of the key studies that look into determinants of increased public health expenditures. The study of the determinants of health care expenditure has been one of the important issues in developments of economy of a country. Secondary data from the harmonized nigeria living standard survey. Knowledge of factors associated to health expenditure might help policy makers to make wise judgments, plan health reforms and allocate resources efficiently. Nevertheless, nepal still has a high proportion of outofpocket health payment and a limited riskpooling mechanism.
Pdf determinants of health care expenditure in a decentralized. The results showed that health expenditure and its determinants are cointegrated. The determinants of public health expenditures munich personal. The paper estimates an errorcorrection model of health expenditure determinants in nigeria for the period 19702003. When it comes to health spending and delivery, both countries have relatively decentralized regional health care expenditure and delivery. Determinants of health outcomes in industrialised countries 57 oecd 2000 outcomes.
The trends and determinants of health expenditure in developed countries have been widely examined and revealed that main determinants of health expenditure growth include. The social, cultural and economic determinants of health. Determinants of health expenditure in oecd countries. Gdp is the most effective factor in determining the health. Pdf determinants of health expenditure in oecd countries. Social determinants of health and its impact on healthcare expenditure by jason zheng bs, rochester institute of technology, 2017 submitted to the graduate faculty of health policy and management graduate school of public health in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of public health university of pittsburgh 2019. The health care expenditure increase factor model used in this study is shown in table 1. Determinants of household healthcare expenditure in an. The determinants of health care expenditure growth 1 abstract understanding the drivers of growth in health care expenditure is crucial for forecasting future health care requirements and to ameliorate inef. The study assessed the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure among households in nigeria. Studies on economic consequences of health shocks provide important insights for policy makers. Based on a richer model in terms of explanatory variables but with fewer countries, grubaugh and santerre 1994 also find that there is a positive impact on health as measured by infant mortality rates of certain health inputs, such as the.
Previous studies have shown that social spending and the ratio of social to health spending are associated with better health outcomes in oecd countries. Convergence and determinants of health expenditures in oecd. Oecd health statistics 2018 definitions, sources and methods. There is a growing literature on the determinants of public health expenditure in cross countries and country specific.
Most of the researchers preferred study on the health expenditure of the organization for economic cooperation and development oecd countries because most of the oecd countries are developed countries. Pdf determinants of public health expenditure growth in. Nepal has committed to the global community to achieve u niversal health coverage by 2030. Key determinants of per capita total health expenditure were the proportion of elderly, the rate of disability pensions, the employmenttopopulation ratio, the. It used bayesian model based on markov chain monte carlo mcmc simulation. The income elasticity of health expenditure varies from greater than one to less than one across the studies. Determinants of public health expenditure in ghana. Over the last decade there has been an increase in healthcare expenditures while at the same time the inequity in distribution of resources has grown.
In response, the committee commenced a programme of work on the social, cultural and economic determinants of health in april 1997. This model classified determinants of health expenditure increases into 1 macroenvironmental factors, such as population increase, gdp, and price index. Advancing social determinants of wellbeing versus health does not have the automatic association with. Wed like to understand how you use our websites in order to improve them.
Determinants of catastrophic health expenditure in nigeria. Determinants of healthcare expenditure in economic. Outofpocket healthcare expenditure is common in most households in africa however. Determinants of public governments that are not expenditure on committed to alleviating poverty or that are infrastructure extremely committed to it spend less from the central budget on infrastructure. The aims of this study were to assess factors associated with catastrophic healthcare expenditure che and the burden of outofpocket oop payments for specific healthcare services in peru. This paper examines the determinants of public healthcare expenditure in ghana using annual time series data from 1970 to 2008.
We highlight the need for equitable health services and policies, focusing on. Current health expenditure % of gdp per capita consumption of sugar kg 8. Results confirm the importance of gdp as a determinant of health spending, with an estimated income elasticity at or around. Determinants of public expenditure on health in india.
The determinants and effects of health expenditure in developed countries. Determinants of health outcomes in industrialised countries 55 oecd 2000 specification of a health production function. In order to address this issue, stakeholders from different disciplines including but not limited to government agencies, healthcare providers, social workers, community organizations, policymakers, etc. Several approaches for health care expenditures are presented in the literature. The aim of this study is to understand the trajectory of health expenditure in developing countries. This exploratory study builds on this finding by widening the scope of the analysis, by incorporating. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of health expenditure in malaysia within the time series framework from 1967 to 2007. Analysing catastrophic oop health expenditure in india.
Determinants of health expenditures in oecd countries. Interactions between determinants of outofpocket health expenditure, economic inequality, and inequities on essential health care delivery to older people are complex. The united states healthcare system is ineffective when addressing the social needs of its patients and has contributed to its staggering 17. The determinants of health expenditure world health organization. This paper identifies some major drivers of per capita public health expenditure growth in tanzania using nationally representative annual data between 1995 and 2014. Determinants of public health care expenditure in nigeria. The principal finding is that health expenditure in nigeria is income inelastic 0. Pdf the determinants of health care expenditure in australia. The determinants of health expenditure in the oecd countries.
The implication is that health expenditure in nigeria is a necessity rather than a luxury. Summary of issues for further consideration toplevel classes n is there agreement on the toplevel classes. The income, in low and low middle income countries, however turned insignificant in influencing the public expenditure on health to grow lu et al. Outcomes produced indicate that per capita income, age of the population, number of practicing physicians, and public financing of health care are those important. Posnett, health expenditure in developed countries 179 spending. The determinants of health care expenditure in australia 643 downloaded by. The determinants and effects of health expenditure in.
Are better health outcomes related to social expenditure. The empirical results indicated that only two independent variables gdpit and pop65it have. Nepal has committed to the global community to achieve universal health coverage by 2030. This is a retrospective study that examines the determinants of household healthcare expenditure outofpocket in an african countrykenya. Key determinants of per capita total health expenditure were the proportion of elderly, the rate of disability pensions, the employmenttopopulation ratio, the municipal tax rate, the state reimbursements of prescription medicines and private dental care, income, and population. In this article, the determinants of health care expenditure per capita in spanish regions are analysed. Public health classifications project determinants of health. This paper uses panel data to identify the determinants of health care expenditure in twelve asian countries i. Outofpocket payment for the healthcare services could result in catastrophic health expenditure che. Cumulative incidence, distribution, and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure in nepal. Convergence and determinants of health expenditures in.
This paper uses international health expenditure and the latest oecd data to investigate the determinants of aggregate health expenditure. Studies have shown a direct relationship between the health expenditures per capita and gdp per capita. Catastrophic health expenditure is a measure of financial risk protection and it is often incurred by households who have to pay out of pocket for health care services that are not affordable. The paper explored the stationarity and cointegration properties between public healthcare expenditure, and environmental and socioeconomic indicators using ers optimal point unit root test, and englegranger cointegration tests. Determinants of health care expenditure in a decentralized.
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